National Rosie the Riveter Day

Tuesday, March 21st. was the first National Rosie the Riveter Day. This is a worthy day of celebration. We all know the crucial role Rosie played in ending World War II.

Wendy

But Rosie had a sister in arms who has been totally ignored. These are the thousands of women who worked on The Manhattan Project and in turn, helped bring a very swift end to World War II. National Rosie the Riveter Day is a perfect opportunity to expose this injustice of history. 

Rosie and Wendy have storylines which are identical. One is celebrated in our nation's history, while the other languishes in the shadows of condemnation. Each March Wendy must be led out of the shadows into the sunlight of celebration and praise. We owe it to her.

 

History Will Be Made In Knoxville on April 5th.

    The shorter, good looking guy is Hugh Barnett. He started working for The Manhattan Project in New York City and then transferred to Oak Ridge in early 1944. He had a top secret security clearance. He knew the purpose of this top secret industrial site in East Tennessee.

 

    The beautiful young woman is Louise Lee Keaton. She grew up on a farm outside Pikeville, Tennessee and attended Pikeville High School. In the winter of 1943/1944 a man in a military uniform came and talked to the women who would graduate in May of 1944. He was recruiting women to work at an industrial site 75 miles north east of Pikeville, close to Knoxville.

 

    She was intrigued and talked her father into letting her go to work at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. She left in early June of 1944 and became a calutron girl, although the title wasn’t used until the late 1990’s.

 

    Hugh is 100 years old and lives now in Maryville. Louise is 90 years old and lives on Lake Tansi, just south of Crossville. Both Louise and Hugh applied and were accepted to participate in the next HonorAir flight out of Knoxville on Wednesday, April 5th.

 

    Louise and Hugh are part of a historic moment in our nation’s history. For only the second time, Manhattan Project workers will be on an HonorAir flight. Last October, HonorAir, for the first time, accepted Oak Ridge Manhattan Project workers on its 22nd. flight.

 

    Sadly, The Manhattan Project workers have been exiled from our nation’s history of World War II. Anything, or anyone, connected to Hiroshima or Nagasaki have been banished from the celebrations of the greatest generation.

 

    HonorAir is making history and also fixing this gross injustice at the same time. They should be applauded for doing the right thing.

Hugh and Me
Loise at 18.jpg

Firebombing Tokyo: A slaughter condoned.

Last week was the 72nd. anniversary of the firebombing of Tokyo during World War II. The single night bombing raid with over 300 B-29 bombers, killed between 80,000 and 100,000 people. Greater than the single day numbers at Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

The world community gives a non-commital shrug of the shoulders each March. No outrage. Indifference at best, apathy at worst. The world has accepted some forms of slaughter as the inevitable consequence of war.

Alex Wellerstein, the best writer on the planet about issues which are pertinent to the Oak Ridge story,  wrote a blog about Tokyo over two years ago. It's a great piece. Hope you enjoy it.

And So It Goes.

A news release says the Hiroshima Peace Memorial had it's highest attendance since 1999 in the last twelve months. The spike in attendance was attributed to President Obama's visit to the site last May. Also, a popular, animated film about Hiroshima before and during World War II has generated interest by younger Japanese.

A display of two paper cranes folded by Obama and donated to the museum also helped generate foot traffic. 

http://english.kyodonews.jp/news/2017/02/460424.html

 

 

A Chicken Pot Pie and Japanese Atrocities

 

 

    Pete Dexter, felt compelled to review Bill O’Reilly’s latest book “Killing the Rising Sun.” O”Reilly, one night on “The O’Reilly Factor” complained his book had not been given the respect of being reviewed. Dexter, while waiting for a chicken pot pie to cool off, decided to give O’Reilly what he wanted.

    Dexter, was galled by O’Reilly’s poor writing combined with the consistent best seller status of his books the last seven years. There was the stench of sour grapes with this review, wafting over the still too hot chicken pot pie.

    O’Reilly’s central sin was to talk about the brutality of war and the specific brutality of the Japanese military. This struck Dexter as excess, as he compared it to pornography.   

    I disagreed. If the reader was unaware of the scale of slaughter in the Pacific during the war, O’Reilly did a service for the reader to drive the point home. Killing soldiers was the inevitable outcome of war, but to mutilate the bodies afterwards was an atrocity very common to the Japanese.

    Americans are woefully ignorant about the history of the last year of the war in the Pacific. The invasion of Japan, planned for November 1, 1945, would make the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki an insignificant, tiny blip on the graph of slaughter.

    Dexter’s review was a mess. Thankfully, for the reader, the chicken pot pie cooled off and the reviewer could turn his focus elsewhere. Anywhere. Please.

Emperor Akihito and Prime Minister Abe need to show some courage

It has been announce that Prime Minister Abe of Japan will visit the Pearl Harbor Memorial in Hawaii the end of this month. He did not attend services yesterday, December 7th, the 75 anniversary of the Japanese surprise attack which killed over 2,000 Americans.

As with everything the Japanese do in reference to their role in slaughtering millions during World War II, Abe's actions are simply too little, too late. They are a nation in denial.

If Japan truly wanted to promote reconciliation with the world community their choice would be a very simple one. On Tuesday, December 13th there will be a Nanking Massacre Memorial Service in Nanking. Emperor Akihito and Prime Minister Abe should attend and offer an apology to the people of China. During the seven week siege of Nanking(more often referred to as The Rape of Nanking) over 300,000 people were killed. Emperor Akihito is the son of Emperor Hirohito, who ordered the slaughter.

 Over 250,000 were killed as a result of bombing Hiroshima and Nagasaki and each August the international community condemns the United States for its actions. More people died as a result of the Japanese attack on Nanking, but each December there is silence from the international community. Mass slaughter as a result of hand-to-hand combat evidently is an acceptable form of war. The hypocrisy of the world community stings.

Abe most likely will pat himself on the back for going to Pearl Harbor. He will think progress has been made by his trip. He must go to Nanking on December 13th. It will never happen this year, or any year.

Christmas 1943 in Oak Ridge. Bill Wilcox remembers.

The first Christmas that the Rochester gang was here Oak Ridge town’s shape was pretty well fixed. They had a lot of dormitories to add on but the cemestoes [homes] were mostly finished construction. 

And yet we were, in the middle of the war, and none of us, my own Pennsylvania and some of these guys in Rochester, some of them in Indiana, none of us could go home for Christmas so it was a blue time. And the thing that made it blue, was that the gals that we had been dating all fall, our good friends, turned out most of them were Tennesseans and they all evaporated for Christmas. So they weren’t even here. 

The one mistake that the army engineers made in picking out the site in the mind of us young folks was that both of the counties that they located the reservation in were bone dry as far as liquor laws go, and you just couldn’t get a drink anywhere. Not that we were alcoholics, but we wanted to celebrate occasionally, and all you could drink was 3.2% beer, called Barbarossa Beer at the rec. halls. And you could drink that all night long, all it did was give you a lot of exercise.

The Rochester crew though had gotten word before we came to dogpatch [a common nickname for Oak Ridge] that it was bone dry so a couple of us had squirreled some booze. I had a little bottle of Imperial whiskey, but it was a pint. That was nothing. That didn’t even last through the month of October.

But Bob McPherson, one of my best friends in Rochester had squirreled away a bottle of Champagne. We didn’t know anything about it. But we’re all sitting around after eating at the army cafeteria Christmas Eve and feeling sorry for ourselves and he said,     “You know boys, I got a bottle of champagne.” He says, “I think what we ought to do is just sort of have ourselves a Christmas toast.” 

So we went back to M3 dormitory, went up front and there was a water cooler and a tube of those conical shaped white cups. We each got one of those and he popped the cork with ceremony and we all stood around there. There were about five of us I guess, and he poured somebody a drink. I don’t know who it was, but he [gave] it to him and then he started pouring the other one, and by the time he got this one half poured, this [other] one was on the floor. It turned out that the champagne was a marvelous solvent for whatever little glue there was that held that cup as a cone, and so we said, “Well, we’re going to make the best of a bad situation.” 

We all got fresh cups and he poured it as fast as he could and we just chug-a-lugged it. The last time I’ve ever, first time and last that I’ve ever chug-a-lugged champagne, but we just drank it down like that and all said, “Merry Christmas” and that was that.

And the next day, I don’t remember if we had Christmas day off or not, but that’s how we celebrated our first Christmas.

 

Oak Ridge mud and turkeys

“I have one mud story. I’m not going to tell anymore, but my mother for Thanksgiving, everything was rationed, so she learned that you could get turkeys in Knoxville. So, she took a bus to Knoxville with a couple of friends. They went some place to get a turkey. The only turkey was a giant turkey and the only bus stop was at the bottom of a steep hill covered in mud. So my mother used to a tell a story and all the neighbors tell the story of the day my mother took this giant turkey and dragged it up this hill. So when we got the turkey it was completely encased in mud, but somehow we cleaned it up and we ate it. That was our mud story. It was my mother and the turkey.”

Joan Ellen Zucker

 

Thanksgiving in the Secret City.

With Thanksgiving this week, I starting thinking about the holidays in Oak Ridge during World War II. In some oral histories, the interviewees mentioned that because of work demands it was hard for the workers to get back home for the holidays. 

A few said it was a very blue time for them. Many of the workers had never been away from their parents, relatives and siblings during the holiday season. They said it was hard, but the workers were all in the same predicament and they were determined to make the best of it.

How often did they have to suffer the holiday blues? Twice. In 1943 and in 1944. It is yet another clue of how incredibly fast this whole massive project was moving. The government condemned the land for the project in the fall of 1942. There may have been many construction workers on site in December of 1942, but it was still early. Thehundreds of farmers weren’t evicted from their property until early December. 

Things were certainly in full gear by the late fall of 1943. Dormitories were open, the headquarters was partially finished and Y-12 was racing toward the first phases of completion. Thousands of workers were in the town site and they would observe their first Thanksgiving and Christmas in Oak Ridge.

 A year later, in 1944, the Secret City was close to full operational capacity. K-25 was a few months away from fully operating as the construction workers and professional operational workers celebrated their second holiday season in Oak Ridge.

Thanksgiving was very different in 1945. The war had been over for more than three months. Y-12 staffing had been slashed and the Secret City was coping with something new: peace. 

A national icon gets a hero's welcome

         The old man was part of a very long parade, from the terminal hub, down the long sloping ramp to the main lobby of the airport. He blended in. He looked grizzled and worn. He was being escorted in a wheelchair.

Over 130 veterans, from what seemed like long ago wars to many Americans, were coming back from a day in Washington, D.C. Long forgotten wars to many, but they were very much alive in the hearts of these now elderly men, who suffered for their country, horrors beyond imagination 

The ramp was packed with screaming, cheering, clapping, flag waving Americans of all ages. These heroes made their way down the ramp without fanfare for themselves. They were modest. They were happy about the adulation, but strong emotions were being held in check. They were grateful for this heroes’ homecoming, but were obviously over-whelmed a bit at their reception too.

Like many of the veterans, the old man in the wheelchair had an electric smile, his eyes ablaze with wonder at this welcome. He took it all in. His son-in-law steered the wheelchair, negotiating the ramp and the crowd which allowed only a single file of heroes at a time. Celebrants were five deep on both sides. The line was moving slowly.

No one knew who that old man was in the wheelchair. It mattered not to the crowd. This was a veteran on an HonorAir flight. For the celebratory congregation of patriots that was enough. 

  The old man was a photographer. In fact, he was the official photographer for The Manhattan Project in Oak Ridge, Tennessee during World War II. He was hired in November of 1942. On August 14, 1945 he photographed Oak Ridgers celebrating in the town square after President Truman announced on the radio Japan had surrendered and had told the nation that World War II, after 60 million deaths world wide, was finally over.

Ed Westcott was the photographer. On that summer evening, 71 years ago, his work was mostly done. During those 2 1/2 short years he had taken over 20,000 photographs. He had created the most important photographic archive of 20th century American history. His body of work would be unrivaled in the American experience. In August of 1945, Ed Westcott was 23 years old.

Now he’s 94. He's going down the long ramp at McGhee Tyson Airport, receiving the praise of people who have no idea they are meeting a pivotal figure of The Manhattan Project. It mattered not. To all who are there, these senior citizens are all iconic American heroes. 

I watched him as he passed and headed down the ramp into a solid wall of gratitude. He weakly raised one hand to wave to the crowd. I could see the back of his head only, as he was disappearing into a sea of faces: all lit up, all smiles, all their hands reaching out to touch his shoulder or reverentially clasp his hand. Over the roar of the high school marching band, folks leaned in close and shouted their gratitude to a total stranger.

It had the feel of religious piety to it. It was visceral. It sent a shiver down your spine. This loud boisterous crowd felt they were part of something much larger than themselves that night. These veterans, many of them very old, were treated like holy men. To touch them and to look into their eyes was to be bestowed with a sacred benediction. 

Slowly, he and his son-in-law made their way: eventually getting swallowed up in an emotional avalanche of smiling, beaming faces and outstretched, urgent hands. People desperate for a touch and a smile; needing to make a connection with our American past and needing to express their personal gratitude. None of them knew they were meeting the most important photographer of 20th century American history. 

 

HonorAir Knoxville pays tribute to Manhattan Project workers

 

    Wednesday, October 5th will be the 22nd HonorAir flight from Knoxville to Washington, D.C. For the first time in the history of HonorAir, there will be a couple of Manhattan Project workers on the flight.

    The symbolism of this moment is very powerful. On a profound level, their attendance on this flight represents a turning point for the nation. Our country now acknowledges, decades later, that The Manhattan Project workers helped end World War II, and their service needs to be honored and celebrated.

    All of you can help honor and celebrate these heroes. Their flight will return to McGhee Tyson at 8:15pm on Wednesday. Officials suggest you get there by 8pm.

    These workers deserve a hero’s homecoming. It’s decades over-due. You can help. See you Wednesday evening.

O'Reilly stumbles with Killing the Rising Sun

   I need to make it clear here. I have not bought O’Reilly’s new book. I have not read his new book. I did stop by the bookstore and look through the index. So this is a review of the index of his new book. Not totally fair, but telling none-the-less.

   There is absolutely no mention of Oak Ridge, Tennessee in the index. Nothing. Now O’Reilly’s book is about the last year of World War II in the Pacific theater. Certainly, it includes the story of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which in surveys of history professors, ranks as the most important events of 20th. century American history. It ranks near the top in world history surveys too. No disagreement from me there.

    I am profoundly biased. No claim of objectivity at all. What happened in Oak Ridge is the greatest untold epic story of American history. And yes, I assumed that O’Reilly would spend some time on this amazing story. Nope. Nada. Nothing.

    I sent a copy of my book, Ignored Heroes of World War II, to O’Reilly in late June. Haven’t heard a peep out of the man. Perhaps, one night, while his book sits at #1 on The New York Times bestseller list, he will pick up Ignored Heroes and realize there was an opportunity lost for him. Perhaps he might decide that this would be a perfect opportunity for him to talk about Oak Ridge on The O’Reilly Factor. In an accompanying letter with my book, I made the case.

    Keep your fingers crossed.

Google Update about World War II

Went on Google News yesterday, the 71st anniversary of the surrender of Japan.

Here are the results. Google News results on 08/15/2016 for the phrase "Japan surrenders." There were 243 citations.

Here are the Google News results for "Hiroshima."  Over 1,410,000 citations.

No news bias here at all.

Celebrating Nagasaki

Today is the 71st anniversary of the surrender of Japan. President Harry Truman announced the surrender on the evening of August 14th which was the 15th, in Tokyo.

I have been thinking how upside down our perspective is about Nagasaki. Nagasaki has always been the ignored bombing. Hiroshima was the first time an atomic weapon was used in a time of war. The second time has always seemed like an asterisk to history. Which is an abomination. 

During early August, the Google News citations for Hiroshima are always at least twice the Nagasaki mentions. This devalues the lives of Nagasaki. It makes their deaths less sacred than the souls of Hiroshima.

Yes, Nagasaki was the second time a bomb was used and it was the last time a weapon was used too. For 71 years the world has not used another weapon. The critics of the bombings imply that this amazing accomplishment was some kind of dumb luck. We built tens of thousands of armed missiles which allowed us to destroy the planet many times over. But we didn’t. The critics say this was an accident. 

It was anything but an accident. Tens of thousands of people around the world dedicated their entire professional careers to insure that mutually assured destruction remained a reality without a stumble.

Part of the solution was intense diplomatic wrangling. Treaties were negotiated, arm-twisting happened in private and then signing was a public affair. Diplomacy failed at times. Crippling economic sanctions were used to convince the unwilling to succumb. 

International teams went into unstable nations to secure fuel which easily could’ve landed in the wrong hands. Regular inspections forced sanctioned nations to toe the line.

The military played their part. A massive build-up of weapons encouraged restraint on all sides. Forces were used to secure weapons and fuel sites during times of political unrest in some areas of the world. Covert operations stalled or destroyed potential weapons development in nations with provocative objectives.

Each year at a few minutes past eleven in the morning on August 9th, the world should celebrate Nagasaki as the last time a weapon was used in war. Part of the last seven decades was a tiny bit of luck, but mostly, it was focus, discipline and years of hard work by the international community to keep the world from going over the brink.

 

 

The Tyranny of Numbers in the Media

Last August (2015) was the 70th. anniversary of many World War II events. The bombing of Hiroshima, the bombing of Nagasaki and the surrender of Japan. Out of curiosity, on August 15th (yes, the anniversary of the surrender of Japan) I did a Google News search on the Internet. The results:

Hiroshima:            10,200,000 citations

Nagasaki:              4,800,000 citations

Japan surrenders       22,000 citations

 

A media bias about the ending of World War II? Numbers don’t lie.